Generator of electric and magnetic fields, a corresponding field detector, and a sample analyzer and treatment apparatus incorporating the field generator and/or field detector

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method and a device for measuring the electromagnetic field generated by living organisms and nonliving bodies, for generating such a field, and also producing an effect on (treatment of) bodies with the help of such a field.  
     According to the invention the electromagnetic field generated by living organisms or nonliving bodies can be measured by creation of an electromagnetic field with a frequency corresponding to the internal frequency or external resonance frequency of the body under test, wherein the electric and magnetic components of the field are created separately from one another with the help of two different systems, whereby the angle between the electric and magnetic field vectors of the electromagnetic field is changed smoothly within a set range (in this particular case within the range from zero to  360  degrees), wherein the waves reflected from the examined body are picked up with the help of a specially designed receiver system, the signal at the output: of the receiver system being constantly recorded and the parameters characteristic of the examined body (object) being fed into the data bank of the system radiating the electromagnetic field, as the reflected signal is picked up.  
     A device for measuring the electromagnetic field radiated by living organisms and nonliving bodies, comprising a transmitter system, which creates an electromagnetic and which is controlled by a signal modulated by two periodic signals, and a receiver system which picks up waves reflected by the examined body, comprises according to the invention two different radiating systems to create separately the electric and magnetic components of the field, where the transmitter system comprises transmitting aerials and control circuits connected thereto and where the receiver system comprises receiving aerials, an amplifier connected thereto, and a recording unit connected to the amplifier output; then a systems control unit is connected to the receiver system and the transmitter system, the transmitter system comprising at least eight aerials or a number thereof which is a multiple of four and the receiver system comprising at least four aerials or a number thereof which is a multiple of four, the number of aerials of the receiver system and that of the transmitter system forming a ratio of at least one to two.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF INVENTION

[0001] The invention relates to a generator of electric and magnetic fields, particularly incorporating a super-toroidal conductor. The invention also relates to a corresponding detector of electric and magnetic fields and to a sample analyser and treatment apparatus incorporating the field generator and/or detector.

BACKGROUND ART OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The part of the radiating device which excites the magnetic field is capable of producing an effect on liquids (water, for example). Devices of this kind are described in HU-PS 187.898, HU-PS 195.939 and HU-PS 205.042. In addition, known in the art is the effect of magnetic fields on living organisms. Also known in the art are various solutions with regard to devices producing a curative effect with the help of an electromagnetic field.

[0003] Applications DE-OS 26 34 628, DE-OS 23 04 500 and DE-OS 23 06 922 describes solutions which make it possible to heat tumorous cells with the help of electromagnetic waves and thus destroy them. In the case of such a solution an unfavourable effect may be produced: the point is that neighbouring healthy cells may be damaged, and painful burns may appear on the skin.

[0004] Application DE-OS 27 48 780 describes a device for producing a specific effect on bone growth. In the solution reference is made to two different code signals which stimulate bone growth. 'since the solution is applicable only to bones, a different solution is required for broader applications. Application U.S. Pat. No. 3,789,832 describes a method which assures diagnosis of cancer at an early stage. This is assured by the establishment (detection) of the frequencies radiated by cells, and also by filtering the frequencies characteristic of morbid cells. Proceeding from this, application DE-OS 24 23 399 proposes a method for treatment of tumorous cells, whereby the electromagnetic waves radiated by cancerous cells are used for irradiation of these cells to control the rate of growth of morbid cells. This solution produces an effect not only on tumorous cells, it produces a harmful effect on healthy cells whose resonance frequency is brought closer to that of morbid cells. As a result, the growth of healthy cells may become uncontrollable.

[0005] Application EP-OS 0 011 019 describes an electromagnetic radiation device in which a high frequency oscillator radiating a resonance frequency of 27.12 megacycles per second is connected to an aerial through an amplifier, through a time-signal generator connected to the latter and a power amplifier. The frequency of the time-signal generator modulating the signal of the high frequency oscillator varies from 50 to 100 cycles per second, the modulating pulse width being 100 milliseconds. Since such a device was not adequately efficient Application EP-OS 0 136 530 proposes a solution in which the stage (series) frequency of the high frequency oscillator is in the band of 100-200 megacycles per second, and its high frequency signal is modulated by a low frequency signal of from one to 1000 cycles per second. The modulated signal is passed on to the time-signal generator which turns it into a broken, intermittent, signal characterised by a frequency of from 0.5 to 40 cycles per second. The signal is then delivered through the final amplifier to the sending (transmitting) aerial.

[0006] In one of its versions the invention is fitted with a further low frequency stage which controls the coil generating the electromagnetic field. This low frequency stage may be set between one and 1000 cycles per second or it may function regularly at a frequency between seven and 12 cycles per second. The description claims that this equipment proved to be effective in treatment of chronic asthma for instance. One of the advantages of the invention is that it assures a therapeutic effect with the help of radiation of very low power (mW). This means that there is no danger of skin burns, overheating of any internal organ or tissue, or of inducing other sicknesses resulting from radiation. The equipment makes it possible to vary the radiation frequencies within a wide band. At the same time this equipment is not capable of establishing the frequencies characteristic of tissues or organs: the description does not mention this. Judging by the description and the claims the equipment is used only for producing an effect on (treatment of) living organisms. It produces no effect on nonliving bodies.

[0007] In working on our invention we wanted our device to produce an effect both on living organisms and nonliving bodies, to be capable of producing an effect not only with the help of frequencies and varying power, but also with the help of other radiation parameters, to be capable of establishing effective therapeutic frequencies and other radiation characteristics of bodies, to be capable of producing a selective effect at a considerable distance, to be capable of identifying with the help of radiation a body and of establishing its condition and material components.

[0008] The use of toroidal windings as electromagnetic radiating antennas is known, e.g. from U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,622,558, 4,751,515, 5,442,369 and 5,654,723. However, none of these prior patents contemplate the use of a super-toroidal winding for generating an electromagnetic field. Further, the last two patents are particularly concerned with ensuring that a toroidal antenna can be designed to operate at a particular frequency to produce an electromagnetic field, equivalent to that produced by classic electric or magnetic dipole antennas.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

[0009] An object of the present invention is the generation of a varying electric and magnetic fields using a super-toroidally wound conductor. In this context, a super-toroidal conductor is one in which the windings of a toroidally wound conductor are constituted by helical windings. Further explanation of super-toroidal conductors of various orders will be given later herein.

[0010] Another object of the present invention is the generation of periodically varying electric and magnetic fields with strong spatial inhomogeneousity, that is fields with high spatial gradients of the field's amplitudes by comparison with the typical dipole electric or magnetic field produced by a radiating antenna. A further object of the present invention is the detection of electric and magnetic fields of this kind using a super-toroidal conductor as a detecting element.

[0011] A still further object of the present invention is the analysis of samples using strongly inhomogeneous fields generated by super-toroidal conductors.

[0012] A still further object of the present invention is the treatment of specimens using such strongly inhomogeneous periodically varying fields.

[0013] Accordingly, the present invention provides a field generator comprising at least one super-toroidal conductor and means to energise the super-toroidal conductor to generate varying electric and magnetic fields. Where conductor has a length 1, the super-toroidal conductor should be energised with at least one frequency component equal to or greater than 2c/1, where c. is the speed of light in free space. Then the near field generated at this frequency close to the super-toroidal conductor will have a strongly inhomogeneous spatial distribution similar or more complex than that generated by four or more electric charges and/or current loops. At any particular moment in time, the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields components of such a complex field change significantly over a distance comparable with the smallest winding feature of the super-toroidal conductor. Such a strongly inhomogeneous field can be distinguished from the classic electromagnetic fields produced in the prior art.

[0014] The invention also provides a detector for electric and magnetic fields comprising at least one super-toroidal conductor and means responsive to electrical currents generated in said conductor by varying electric and magnetic fields.

[0015] Examples of the invention provide a sample analyser comprising a chamber, and a sample holder within the chamber. The chamber contains at least a first super-toroidal conductor having at least the length 1. This super-toroidal conductor is energised to generate oscillating electric and magnetic field in the region of any sample on the sample holder. The electromagnetic field varies with a frequency component equal to or greater than 2c/1 to produce a strongly spatial inhomogeneous field. Then the response of the generated field to the presence of a sample on the sample holder is determined, so that an analysis can be made.

[0016] The invention also provides treatment apparatus for treating a desired component of a specimen. The apparatus comprises a treatment super-toroidal conductor having a length 1. The treatment super-toroidal conductor is energised at a frequency or set of frequencies or continuous band of frequencies greater than 2c/1 to produce strongly inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields. The specimen is exposed to this field and the frequency or set of frequencies or continuous band of frequencies is selected to provide the required treatment of the desired component of the specimen. In order to select the required frequency or set of frequencies or continuous band of frequencies for treatment, a sample corresponding to the desired component of the specimen to be treated may be analysed in the above described sample analyser. The treatment frequency or set of frequencies or continuous band of frequencies is then selected in accordance with the response determined in the sample analyser. In this way, treatment of predominantly or only selected components of a specimen can be ensured by incorporating a sample of the desired component in the associated sample analyser.

[0017] The objects of the present invention may also be achieved with the help of separate electric and magnetic components of an electromagnetic field generated by two different systems which smoothly vary the angle between the electric and magnetic vectors of the electromagnetic field within the set range (in this particular case from zero to 360 degrees).

[0018] The device receives the waves reflected from the examined body (object). These waves are picked up by a specially designed receiver system. The signal at the output of the receiver system is being constantly recorded. When the reflected signal is picked up, the parameters, which are characteristic of the examined object, are fed into the data bank of the system radiating the electromagnetic field.

[0019] To determine the composition of an unknown body with at least one known component it is placed in the electromagnetic field of the radiating system. When the system picks up at least one reflected signal, the parameters which characterise the examined object and which correspond to the electromagnetic field of the radiating system are recorded. They are then compared to the measured parameters of known objects (materials) to determine the material components of the examined object.

[0020] To determine the parameters (state, condition) of an unknown object (body) it is placed in the electromagnetic field of the radiating system. When the system picks up a reflected signal, the parameters, which characterise the examined object (material) and which correspond to the electromagnetic field of the radiating system, are recorded. They are then compared to the measured parameters of known objects (materials) to establish the composition of the examined object. To achieve the purpose the electromagnetic field is generated by two periodic signals characterised by different frequencies. In this field the high frequency periodic signal is within the band of from one kilocycle per second to 1000 gigacycles per second. It is modulated by a low frequency signal within a band of from 0.001 to 1000 cycles per second. In the case of long range action the object—a living organism or nonliving body—may be located at a distance of 30 or more kilometres from the system radiating the field. The imprints (copies) of the electromagnetic fields typical of the given object and its geographical location (ground) are placed between Helmholtz coils, which generate an auxiliary electromagnetic field parallel to the (Earth's) geomagnetic field. It should be mentioned that the auxiliary electromagnetic field, which is parallel to the geomagnetic field “aimed ” at the electromagnetic field of the object in a way to assure that the angle between the electric and magnetic vectors of the electromagnetic field acting on the object coincides with the characteristic vectorial angle of the object or the vectorial angle of the material acting on the object.

[0021] The equipment effecting the method comprises two different radiation systems. Each system separately produces the electric and magnetic components of the field. The transmitter system comprises sending (transmitting) aerials and control circuits connected thereto. The receiver system comprises receiving aerials, an amplifier connected thereto, and a recording unit connected to the output of the amplifier. It should be mentioned that the transmitter system has at least eight aerials or their number is a multiple of four. The receiver system has at least four aerials or their number is a multiple of four. The number of the receiver system aerials and that of the transmitter system aerials forms a ratio of at least one to two. The three-dimensional electric radiation aerials are of the super-toroidal type of the first or higher, but invariably of an odd, order. The magnetic field radiators are of the super-toroidal type of the. second or higher, but invariably of an even, order.

[0022] Examples of the present invention will now be described with reference to the following drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023]FIG. 1 shows a design of a super-toroidal aerial of the invention.

[0024]FIG. 2 shows the arrangement of the aerial system made up of super-toroids.

[0025]FIG. 3 shows the arrangement of the receiving aerial system.

[0026]FIG. 4 shows the control system circuit unit of the serial system.

[0027]FIG. 6 shows the circuits of the Helmholtz coils in one of the expedient models of the radiating equipment.

[0028]FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an enclosure which may embody the present invention, either for sample analysis or specimen treatment.

[0029]FIG. 8 is a plan view of the interior of the enclosure of FIG. 7.

[0030]FIG. 9 is an illustration of part of a second order super-toroidal winding.

[0031]FIG. 10 is an illustration of part of a third order super-toroidal winding.

[0032]FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram illustrating how the windings in the enclosure of FIG. 8 may be connected together to provide sample analysis.

[0033]FIGS. 12a and 12 b are graphical representations of radio frequency spectra obtained for a sample of distilled water at different centre frequencies.

[0034]FIGS. 13a and 13 b are graphical representations of the spectra at frequencies corresponding to those in

[0035]FIGS. 12a and 12 b, but for sea water.

[0036]FIG. 14 is a circuit diagram illustrating the connections of the windings of a combined analysis and treatment apparatus.

[0037]FIG. 15 is a view in elevation of the interior of an alternative form of the present invention.

[0038]FIG. 16 illustrates the super-toroidal winding assembly used in the assembly of FIG. 15.

[0039]FIG. 17 is a circuit diagram illustrating how the components of the embodiment of FIG. 15 are connected in a treatment application.

List of Reference Signs

[0040] AII super-toroidal aerial of the second order 1-32 aerial elements A length of the side of the first row of aerials B length of the side between rows of aerials C length of the side of the second row of aerials A1 first aerial An n-th aerial M1 first modulator Mn n-th modulator E1 first amplifier En nth amplifier G11 first generator G1n nth generator G21 first generator G2n nth generator FF phase shifter F1 low frequency synchroniser F2 high frequency synchroniser SZ computer L1 first Helmholtz coil L2 second Helmholtz coil L3 coil

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0041] Super-toroid AII shown in FIG. 1 is one of the main transmitting aerials essential for effecting the method proposed in the invention. A super-toroid is a toroid with a solenoid wound around it or a solenoid with a solenoid wound around it. The simplest element is the solenoid, a so-called super-toroidal aerial of the first order. This means that a super-toroid of the first order is a coil or a toroid comprising elementary solenoids serving as conductors. From the standpoint of the super-toroid a simple, regular, toroid is a coil with a single turn. A super-toroid of the second order is a coil with a very long super-toroid of the first order wound around it to serve as a conductor. A super-toroid of the third order is a coil with a similar winding consisting of a very long super-toroid of the second order.

[0042] In practice it is possible to make super-toroids of the XII or even the XV order.

[0043] In actual fact a super-toroid generates, along the axis of the toroid, either an electric or a magnetic field. Toroids of the first, third, and higher odd orders produce an electric field, and toroids of the second, fourth, and higher even orders a magnetic field.

[0044] Depending on the type of aerial it is possible to set the angle between the magnetic (H) and electric (E) vectors of the field. The higher the order of the super-toroid forming the aerials the greater their ability to distinguish one component from another. This means that they can set an angle between the vectors of the field, which differs from the common angle of 90 degrees. This is evidenced by Table 1, below. TABLE 1 Angle ratios between vectors H and E, and the power of radiation in percent Nos. Type of aerial (E − H)/(E — H) Angle range 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. rod aerial 0.5 13-25 2. coil aerial 0.4 31-39 3. super-toroidal aerials 12.0  6-18 of the first-second orders 4. super-toroidal aerials 18.0  4-13 of the third-fourth orders 5. super-toroidal aerials 32.0 2-8 of the fifth-sixth orders 6. super-toroidal aerials 64.0 30-4  of the seventh-eighth orders 7. super-toroidal aerials 96.0 15-10 of the XVI-XVII orders

[0045] Column 3 of the Table expresses in per cent the capability of the given transmitting aerial to adjust (set) either vector E or vector H. Column 4 shows the angle range between E and H. The efficiency of a super-toroidal aerial is considered to be adequate if the rate of radiation expressed in per cent in Column 3 exceeds 50 (super-toroidal aerials of the seventh and higher orders).

[0046]FIG. 2 shows a system of super-toroidal transmitting aerials. Each row of aerials is mounted on the vertices of squares. The aerials mounted opposite each other are super-toroids generating only an electric or only a magnetic field. The aerials mounted side by side are super-toroids which are capable of generating either an electric-or a magnetic field. A row comprises four aerials. The distance between one row and another is determined by the distance between the elements of the aerials. In successive rows the distance between the elements is also definite. The distances are determined as follows:

[0047] If the length. of a side of the square in the first row is 1-2=2-3=3-4=4-1=“a”, the length in the second row will be a_(j)=1.44 a_(j)-1. In the next rows of aerials arranged vertically under one another the distance between the elements of the aerials arranged on the vertical rib of the aerial is determined as follows:

[0048] 1-5=A1-A2==0.84a

[0049] 5-9=A2-A3=1.67 b

[0050] 9-13=A3-A4=1.59b

[0051] 13-17=A4-A5=1.54b

[0052] 17-21=A5-A6=1.49b

[0053] 21-25=A6-A7=1.44b

[0054] 25-29=A7- A8=1.39b

[0055]FIG. 3 shows the design of a receiving aerial. The dimensions of the receiving aerial are determined by the transmitting aerial. The side of the square is determined by row one A=5.6 a, whereas the other dimensions are calculated on the basis of the following proportions: B=1.67A, where B is the length of the side between the rows of aerials, and C=1.44A, where C is the length of the side of the second row of aerials.

[0056] Two types of radiation are employed, whereby the electric component is separated from the magnetic component. The transmitter system and the receiver system also form a separate system. The transmitter system has at least eight aerials or their number is a multiple of four. The receiver system has at least four aerials or their number is a multiple of four.

[0057] The number of aerials in the receiver system and that in the transmitter system form a ration of at least one to two.

[0058] The number of aerials in the transmitter system may, in principle, be limited to two or their number should be a multiple of two. However, it is more expedient to have at least four aerials in the transmitter system. The three-dimensional arrangement of aerials 1.32 is shown in FIG. 2. There is a super-toroidal aerial at every point in the square array. The three-dimensional electric radiation aerials are super-toroids of the first or higher, but invariably odd, order, whereas the magnetic field radiators are super-toroidal aerials of the second or higher, but invariably even, order. By adjusting the phases with the help of the transmitting aerial it is possible to form the necessary angle between vector E and vector H (which will depend on the number of aerials). Table 2 below shows how phases may be shifted with the help of a transmitting aerial depending on the rows of aerials and their elements in each row. TABLE 2 Phase shift made with the help of the transmitting aerial system phase shift row in N aerial row 1 2 3 4 I 0 8 30 72 II 144 288 45 90 III 75 135 144 288 IV 100 101 144 288 V 30 32 33 35 VI 22 24 27 29 VII 11 10 15 20 VIII 5 6 3 —

[0059] The transmitter system comprises transmitting aerials and control circuits connected to them. The receiver system comprises receiving aerials, an amplifier connected to them, and a recording unit connected to the output of the amplifier. A systems control unit is connected both to the receiver system and the transmitter system.

[0060]FIG. 4 shows the control circuit unit. A high and a low frequency periodic signal generators are connected to each aerial in the transmitter system. The signal outputs of the high and low frequency generators are mutually synchronised both with respect to the phase and length of the signal, which is governed by the pulse chopper. Twinned low and high frequency generators connected to separate aerials are linked to a frequency synchroniser and phase adjustment means, such as a phase shifter. The generators and phase adjustment means (phase shifter) input are connected to the output of the central control unit, to the control computer.

[0061]FIG. 6 gives a diagram of a long-range action model of the invention.

[0062] To produce an effect on an object at distances of 30 or more kilometres an additional aerial is connected to the device generating the active field. The aerial comprises a super-toroid (L3) of the second order, a Helmholtz coil (L1) connected in parallel to the turns of the super-toroid. The Helmholtz coil is connected to the adjustable secondary side of a mains-operated transformer. Then another Helmholtz coil (L2), which is connected in parallel to a condenser (C), is coupled to the first Helmholtz coil (L1) by means of mutual inductance. A control circuit comprising two high and low frequency signal generators is connected to this oscillatory circuit. The latter is also connected to the generator of the modulator.

[0063] Both Helmholtz coils (L1 and L2) are arranged close to one another on the same axis. Their axis is parallel to the geomagnetic lines. Imprints (copies) of the electromagnetic fields characteristic of the exposed object and its geographic location Aground) are placed between the coils inducing an auxiliary magnetic field parallel to that of the geomagnetic field.

[0064] Imprints of the electromagnetic fields characteristic of the geographical location aground) and the exposed object located there are transferred in frozen form on glycerine, paraffin, tar or mixtures thereof. The use of paraffin, for instance, increases the long-range effect. To improve the performance of the device it is necessary to add to 10 units of mass of paraffin one unit of mass of metal powder (composition given in units of mass):

[0065] one unit of mass of silver,

[0066] two units of mass of copper,

[0067] three units of mass of iron,

[0068] four units of mass of aluminium, and

[0069] four-nine units of mass of tin.

[0070] The above device functions as follows:

[0071] Two different radiating systems separately create with the help of super-toroidal aerials the electric and magnetic components of a field. The angle between the electric and magnetic vectors of the electromagnetic field is smoothly adjusted within the range of from zero to 360 degrees.

[0072] While the device is in operation, the signal at the output of the receiver system is constantly recorded. When the reflected signal is picked up the parameters distinctive of the examined object are fed into the data bank of the system creating the electromagnetic field.

[0073] The electromagnetic field is created by two periodic signals of different frequencies. The high frequency periodic signal is within the band of from one kilocycle per second to 1000 gigacycles per second. It is modulated by a low frequency periodic signal of from 0.001 to 100 cycles per second.

[0074] Tables 3 and 4 give some of the typical frequencies and angle ranges of various living creatures. Both periodic signals are sinusoidal. The angle between the electric and magnetic vectors of the field is set by changing the difference in the phases of the modulated signals fed to each aerial.

[0075] The efficiency improves, if the low frequency sinusoidal signal, which modulates the high frequency signal creating the electromagnetic field, is broken off (discontinued) after a certain part of the wave has passed and formed a definite phase angle.

[0076] To produce this effect the transmitter system is controlled by a computer. In keeping with the computer's control signals generators G1 yield a high frequency signal and generators G2 a low frequency signal. The generators are synchronised by a frequency synchroniser controlled by a computer and a phase adjustment means—an effective phase shifter. The phases of the generators are adjusted by a phase shifter connected to a computer. The pulses are interrupted by a computer-controlled phase chopper.

[0077] The high and low frequencies of examined objects should be selected on the basis of the external F and internal f resonance frequencies. Table 4 gives the bands of the external and internal frequencies of some living creatures (and other objects). TABLE 3 Ranges of E-H angles distinctive of the immune systems of examined living organisms and also of other objects; ranges of E-H angles formed by different types of aerials Object Angle System Angle Aerials Angle 1. Human being  5-45 immune 17-24 magnetic 13-90 system 2. Mammals 18-25 immune 25-32 coil  30-90 system 3. Amphibians 15-65 immune 33-39 super-toroid  6-18 system of the I and II orders 4. Reptiles 10-35 immune 18-25 super-toroid 1-6 system of the VI and VIII orders 5. Minerals  5-18 super-toroid 0.3-  2 of the XV-XVI orders

[0078] TABLE 4 External and internal frequencies of certain living creatures (and other objects) Immune Object f F system F 1. Human 2-4 gc 0.9-16 cps 400 Mc-2 gc   0.5-4 cps   being 2. Mammals 1-3 gc  0.7-8 cps 100 Mc-1 gc  0.3 3. Reptiles 8-1.5 gc  0.3-4 cps 40 Mc-00 Mc 0.1 4. Plants 400-1 gc  0.1-2 cps  3 Mc-30 Mc 0.09-22 cps 5. Minerals 200-400 Mc 0.01-07 cps

[0079] The experience acquired shows that to produce a stimulating effect the low frequency sinusoidal signal should be dampened (eliminated) as soon as it forms a phase angle of 0.33*T. To produce an inhibiting effect the low frequency sinusoidal signal should be dampened as soon as it forms a phase angle of 0.25*T.

[0080] The invented method also helps determine the characteristic parameters of microscopic objects. In this case the angle between the electric and magnetic vectors of the magnetic field induced by electromagnetic field is maintained constantly identical to the internal frequency of the body, which is determined with the help of the known method. If the difference between the angles of the field changes, a series of measurements should be made with the help of a low frequency signal which is dampened (eliminated), when one phase angle is equal to 0.25 *T and the other to 0.33*T. It should be mentioned that the magnitude of the vectorial angle is considered to be characteristic of the examined object, if the reflected feedback signal is the greatest, when the parameters of the field of the said coincide with those of the field created by the radiating generators.

[0081] In examining an object whose content is unknown, which has at least one known component the following procedure should be adopted:

[0082] A body whose content is unknown should be placed in the electromagnetic field of the radiating system.

[0083] The reflected signal should be recorded as soon as it is picked up by the system. The parameters characteristic of the examined object (material) and those of the electromagnetic field set up by the radiating system are compared to the already determined parameters of known objects materials). A comparison of these parameters will help establish the material components of the object. This method may also be used for determining the unknown conditions (state) of known objects. In this case it is necessary to place in the electromagnetic field the object (body) whose condition is unknown and to record the reflected signal as soon as the reflected feedback signal is picked up. The parameters characteristic of the examined material and those of the electromagnetic field induced by the radiating system should be compared to the already measured parameters of known conditions (states). The comparison will help establish the condition (state) of the examined object (body).

[0084] To produce a long-range effect on an object (body) it is essential to create an electromagnetic field whose frequency would correspond to the object's internal resonance frequency f and to its external resonance frequency F. The object (body) should be placed at a distance of 30 or more kilometres from the system radiating the field. The angle between the electric and magnetic components of the electromagnetic field should be equal to the vectorial angle of the examined body.

[0085] If the exposed object is at a distance of 30 or more kilometres from the radiating system an imprint (copy) of its distinctive electromagnetic field and also of its geographic location (ground) should be placed between the turns creating the auxiliary electromagnetic field parallel to the geomagnetic field. The auxiliary electromagnetic field parallel to the geomagnetic field is “superimposed” on the object's electromagnetic field. The angle between the electric and magnetic vectors of the actuating field should be equal to the object's characteristic vectorial angle or to the vectorial angle of the material producing an effect on the object.

[0086] An alternative and preferred nomenclature for super-toroidal windings is given below.

[0087] A toroidal winding comprises a conductor wound helically around a toroidal former. In a first order super-toroidal winding, the conductor of the toroidal winding is replaced by a long helically coiled conductor which is itself wound around the toroidal former. In a second order super-toroidal winding, the conductor of the first order super-toroidal winding is replaced by a long helically coiled conductor. In a third order super-toroidal winding, the conductor of the second order super-toroidal winding is replaced by a long helically coiled conductor, and so forth up to higher orders. In the examples of the present invention to be described below, super-toroidal windings of second and third order are included.

[0088]FIG. 7 is an external view of an enclosure used in a sample analyser embodying the present invention. The enclosure comprises a box 10 having a removable lid 11 constituting one face of the box. A hatch 12 is provided in the lid for easy access to the interior of the enclosure. The enclosure is made of metal and is intended to provide electromagnetic screening of the interior of the box. Feedthroughs 13 are provided for electrical signals through a front face 14 of the box and include coaxial electrical sockets 15 for selective engagement with corresponding coaxial plugs 16 on coaxial connecting cables 17.

[0089]FIG. 8 illustrates the interior of the box 10 with the lid 11 removed. The box contains four super-toroidal conductor assemblies 20, 21, 22 and 23. The toroidal conductor assemblies 20 and 21 are mounted on respective dielectric mounting blocks 24 and 25, so as to be essentially parallel to opposite upright end faces 26 and 27 of the box 10.

[0090] Substantially midway between the toroidal assemblies 20 and 21 a sample tray 28 is mounted on the bottom face of the box 10. Sample tray 28 provides a flat base with an upstanding rim 29 sized so as accurately to locate a removable sample holder on the tray 28 within the box. As shown in the figure, the toroidal conductor assembly 22 is located around the base of the sample tray 28, so that any sample placed in a container upon the tray 28 lies substantially on the axis of the super-toroidal conductor 22.

[0091] The fourth super-toroidal conductor assembly 23 is mounted so as to be parallel to the rear face 30 of the enclosure, and midway between the opposed conductor assemblies 20 and 21.

[0092] Each of the super-toroidal conductor assemblies 20 and 21 comprises a combination of a second order super-toroidal conductor and a third order super-toroidal conductor. In effect, the third order super-toroidal conductor is formed on a toroidal former constituted by a second order super-toroidal conductor. Thus, a toroidal former 31 for each of the assemblies 20 and 21 comprises a second order super-toroidal conductor such as illustrated in FIG. 9. As illustrated in FIG. 9, the second order super-toroidal conductor may be formed from a tightly wound helical spring of insulated wire, which is itself then wound round in a helix of greater diameter. The resulting double helical form is then wound around a toroidal (ring shaped) former to form the second order super-toroidal winding.

[0093] In constructing the assemblies 20 and 21, the second order super-toroidal winding is stabilised by wrapping in a heat shrinkable material and then used as the toroidal former for a third order super-toroidal winding such as illustrated in FIG. 10. The winding of FIG. 10 may be formed from a tightly wound helical spring of insulated wire, which spring is itself wound into a helix of greater diameter. This doubly wound helical formation is then wound around a helical dielectric former which is in turn wound around the toroidal former of the third order super-toroidal conductor.

[0094] The super-toroidal, conductor assembly 22 comprises a simple third order super-toroidal conductor wound on a dielectric toroidal former, and the super-toroidal conductor assembly 23 is a second order super-toroidal conductor also wound on a dielectric toroidal former.

[0095] The various windings of the super-toroidal assemblies within the enclosure formed by the box 10 are illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 11. In the Figure, L1 represents the third order super-toroidal winding of super-toroidal assembly 20, and L2 represents the second order super-toroidal winding forming the toroidal former of the third order winding in assembly 20. Similarly, L6 represents the third order winding of assembly 21 on the toroidal former constituted by the second order winding L5. L3 represents the third order super-toroidal conductor winding 22 and L4 represents the second order super-toroidal conductor winding 23.

[0096] As can be seen, the outer third order winding L1 of the assembly 20 is connected in parallel with the inner second order winding L5 of assembly 21 and fed via a feedthrough 35 from the box 10 to the input of a broad band rf amplifier 36. The output of the broad band amplifier 36 is fed back through a second feedthrough 37 into the box 10 to the third order winding L3, forming the assembly 22 connected in parallel with the second order winding L4 forming the assembly 23.

[0097] The inner second order winding L2 of the assembly 20 is connected in parallel with the outer third order winding L6 of the assembly 21 and fed via a further feedthrough 38 to an analyser 39.

[0098] With the above construction, the windings within the box 10 together with the high gain broad band radio frequency amplifier 36 form a closed loop. If the gain of the rf amplifier is sufficient, the loop gain at particular frequencies will exceed unity producing oscillation at these frequencies. Also, oscillation at other frequencies may be generated due to non-linearity of the circuit. The frequencies at which oscillation is occurring can be monitored by the analyser 39 which is preferably a spectrum analyser.

[0099] In a particular embodiment, the broad band radio frequency amplifier is type HP8347A from Hewlett-Packard and the spectrum analyser 39 is type 8599E also from Hewlett-Packard.

[0100] It has been found that the arrangement disclosed above produces rf oscillations over a wide spectrum extending from a relatively low frequency up to 3 GHz or more. The system produces a spectrum of oscillations, detected by the analyser 39. Depending on the tuning of the system, which may be achieved by adjustments of the positions of the super-toroidal antennas, lengths of the rf leads and the amplifier gain ,the spectrum has peaks at discrete frequencies over this frequency range or comprises of a combination of discrete frequencies and continuous bands of frequencies. it has been found that the distribution of these frequency peaks and/or bands is dependent on the nature of a sample material located in a container on the tray 28 in the centre of the box 10. Typically, the sample may be a fluid sample and the quantity (volume) of the fluid sample and the dimensions of the container to be located on the tray 28 are maintained constant so that the features in the output spectrum dependent on the internal geometry of the enclosure 10 remain consistent for different samples.

[0101] The following example illustrates the different spectra which may be obtained from the above described instrument for different sample materials. The various samples were all liquid and were placed in identical polyethylene containers having internal diameter 30 mm, external diameter 32 mm, and height 50 mm. For each sample, the containers were completely filled.

[0102]FIGS. 12a and 12 b respectively show the traces obtained from the spectrum analyser 39 for distilled water, over the spectral regions 0 to 60 MHz and 470 to 530 MHz. The spectra were averaged over five readings each using the analyser's built-in averaging function and then hard copied at the end of each acquisition period. As can be seen, the frequency span in each trace is 60 MHz, the analyser resolution bandwidth is 1 KHz and the sweep time is 100 seconds. The frequency scales in all spectra are linear. The vertical scales show spectral power density of the signal in arbitrary logarithmic units.

[0103]FIGS. 13a and 13 b show corresponding spectra at similar frequency ranges for sea water.

[0104] As can be seen by comparison of FIGS. 12a and 13 a, the sea water sample has an additional line at B at about 12 MHz and a more pronounced line D at about 36 MHz. The 25 MHz line C for sea water is narrower than the equivalent for distilled water.

[0105] Comparing FIGS. 12b and 13 b, sea water shows a new line B at approximately 491 MHz while line D which can be seen in distilled water appears suppressed for sea water.

[0106] The sample analyser instrument described above can therefore produce spectra which can distinguish one sample from another. By comparing the spectrum obtained for an unknown sample with a library of previously recorded spectra, the nature of an unknown sample may be determined. The comparison may be performed using correlation techniques known in the art.

[0107] More significantly, the spectrum obtained from the instrument may be used to control the electric and magnetic fields produced in a material treatment apparatus (to be described later) in such a way as to confine the effect of the electromagnetic field specifically or predominantly to a desired component in a material or body being treated.

[0108] The process going on in the above described sample analysis instrument is believed to be similar, though at radio frequencies, to the technique of inter resonator laser spectroscopy. In inter resonator laser spectroscopy, an absorbing sample to be analysed is located inside the resonator of a laser. Absorption by the sample has the effect of removing or suppressing some of the resonator modes so that the resulting spectral content of the light output from the laser is changed in a way which is specific to the nature of the absorbing substance under test. It should be understood that for this laser spectroscopy technique, a laser which has a large number of resonator modes, or natural output frequencies in laser emission, may be used. The missing or suppressed lines in the output spectrum can be indicative of the nature of the absorbing substance located in the resonator region of the laser.

[0109] In the instrument described above, the box 10 containing the super-toroidal conductors may be equivalent to the resonator region of a laser. As a result, in the absence of any absorbing material located in the box, it can be expected that the closed loop comprising the windings in the box and the rf amplifier 36 will cause resonant oscillation at a larger number of frequencies over the frequency range for which the amplifier 36 has sufficient gain. The different frequencies of resonance correspond to a multiplicity of resonant modes within the box, in combination with the phase delays represented by the leads to and from the rf amplifier 36 together with delays in the amplifier itself. Therefore it also can be expected that the material located in the box will cause a change in the pattern of the resonant oscillation frequencies due to the phase delay in the material. Nonlinearities in the loop may also cause, through redistribution of the energy circulating in the loop, appearance of new spectral components as a reaction to the suppression of other spectral components or/and shift of their frequencies.

[0110] Importantly, the super-toroidal windings of the conductors within the box 10 can operate over a very broad frequency band, since the length of wire in any one super-toroidal winding may be many times the free space wavelength of the relevant frequency. For example, the length of wire in a first order super-toroidal winding having a diameter (of the toroidal former itself) of say 10 cms may be 20 metres or more. The length of wire in similarly sized super-toroidal windings of third order may be several hundred metres. Thus, the length of wire in a super-toroidal winding in the instrument may be several times the free space wavelengths for frequencies above about 5 Mhz.

[0111] The super-toroidal windings of the conductors within the box 10 can operate over a very broad frequency band, because, due to the complexity of the winding the supertoroidal antennas have remarkably low inductances and capacitances at high frequencies.

[0112] As mentioned above, in the absence of a sample, the instrument illustrated would produce an output spectrum from feedthrough 38 to the spectrum analyser 39 containing a large number of peaks over a wide frequency range. The presence of a sample in a container on the sample tray 28 within the instrument is believed to change the output spectrum from the instrument.

[0113] Importantly also, interaction with a sample within the instrument is not solely dependent on the electric dipole mechanism of absorption. Hitherto, conventional radio frequency spectroscopy has depended upon the effect of the incident radio frequency energy on dipoles formed by the molecules of the sample. Whereas some molecules are significantly dipolar (including water) many other molecules exhibit substantially no dipole moment so that they are substantially unaffected by homogeneous electromagnetic fields.

[0114] The super-toroidal windings used in the above instrument, when energised at frequencies greater than 2c/1, where 1 is the length of wire in a super-toroidal winding, generate electromagnetic fields which are strongly spatial inhomogeneous, at least in the near field region close to the torus of the winding. Whereas a quadrupolar molecule, for example, is substantially unaffected by a dipole field, such a molecule can be rotated (excited) by a strongly inhomogeneous magnetic and electric fields. Importantly, some molecules may have no electric dipolar moment, or not only dipolar moment, but also show electric and magnetic multipolar moments which interact with strongly inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields created within the device.

[0115] When operating at relatively high frequency, the super-toroidal windings used in the above instrument can generate highly inhomogeneous fields which should be absorbed/refracted in samples comprising molecules with electric and magnetic multipolar moments.

[0116] In this way, liquid samples which would produce only uninformative broad radio frequency absorption spectra in purely dipole electromagnetic fields, can produce much more informative absorption spectra in the strongly spatially inhomogeneous fields generated in the instrument described above.

[0117] A desired specimen may be treated by exposing the specimen to the electromagnetic fields generated by super-toroidal windings in an enclosure similar to that described above with reference to FIG. 8. Referring to FIG. 12, for treatment of a specimen, a second enclosure, here show schematically at 40 is connected to the enclosure 10 as illustrated. The second enclosure 40 may have the identical components as described above for the sample analyser enclosure and illustrated in FIG. 8. In the treatment enclosure 40, the left hand super-toroidal assembly (corresponding to assembly 20 in enclosure 10) is formed by an outer third order super-toroidal winding L7 on an inner second order super-toroidal winding L8. Similarly, the right hand super-toroidal assembly (corresponding to assembly 21 in the enclosure 10) is formed of a third order super-toroidal winding L12 on a second order super-toroidal winding L11. The super-toroidal windings L9 and L10 correspond to the windings L3 and L4 of the enclosure 10.

[0118] The enclosure 40 for treatment of a specimen further includes conductive foil plates 41 and 42 on opposite sides of the toroidal assembly comprising windings L7 and L8, and 43 and 44 on opposite sides of the toroidal assembly comprising the windings L11 and L12. These plates are in fact illustrated in FIG. 8, but it should be understood that these plates are employed only in the enclosure used for treatment of a specimen and not in the enclosure used for sample analysis as first described with reference to FIG. 8. The conductive plates 41, 42 and 43, 44 may be made of flexible copper film and are annular in form having an inner radius similar to the inner radius of the super-toroidal assembly and an outer radius which is rather less than the outer radius of the super-toroidal assembly.

[0119] The pair of plates 41, 42 and 43, 44 function to couple energy capacitatively to the windings of the assembly located between the respective pairs, so that the windings may be energised more uniformly.

[0120] Referring to FIG. 14, the treatment enclosure is connected in circuit as illustrated. A broad band rf noise generator 45 produces pulses of broad band rf noise on an output line 46. The modulation may comprise pulses at either 1 Hz or 4 Hz repetition rate, with a duty cycle of 1:3. These pulses are used to modulate the wide band rf noise signal on line 46.

[0121] The outer third order and inner second order conductors L7 and L8 of the left hand super-toroidal assembly are connected in parallel with each other and with the inner second order and outer third order conductors L11 and L12 of the right hand assembly, and all together fed directly from the sample analysing enclosure 10. As can be seen, the signal from the sample analysing enclosure 10 which is supplied to the spectrum analyser in FIG. 11 is, in the specimen treatment example illustrated in FIG. 12, fed to the windings L7, L8 and L11, L12 of the treatment enclosure 14.

[0122] The outer plate 41 and 43 on each of the super-toroidal assemblies is connected to ground and the inner plate 42 and 44 are supplied with the pulsed wide band rf noise signal on line 46 from the generator 45.

[0123] Signals from the remaining two super-toroidal windings L9 and L10 in the treatment enclosure 40 may be fed to a spectrum analyser 48 for monitoring.

[0124] In operation, a specimen to be treated is located on the specimen tray (corresponding to the tray 28 of enclosure 10) in the treatment enclosure 40. A liquid sample is made up of the component in the specimen which is particularly to be treated and this sample is located on the tray 28 in the analyser enclosure 10. The rf amplifier 36 is then energised to produce an rf spectrum on the line 49 from the analyser chamber 10 , which is in turn supplied to energise the windings L7, L8 and L11, L12 in the treatment chamber 40. At the same time, the generator 45 is energised to apply modulated wide band noise to the windings by capacitative coupling.

[0125] It has been observed that this process can provide effective treatment of the designated component of the specimen located in the treatment chamber 40. If the generator 45 is selected to produce pulses of wide band rf noise at 1 Hz, the treatment appears to be beneficial to the designated component of the specimen, so that if the component is a living organism, growth of the organism in the specimen is promoted. However, if the wide band rf noise applied by the generator 45 is modulated at 4 Hz, then the treatment is deleterious to the designated component, with the effect that the component can be destroyed or inactivated in the specimen.

[0126] Treatment has been performed of biological samples whereby only selected biological components of the sample have been effected by the treatment with no apparent effects on the remaining components of the sample.

[0127] Apparatus using super-toroidal windings was used in an experiment for the treatment in vitro of cells chronically infected with HIV-1. Samples were made up for the analyser enclosure comprising p24 antigen, p120 antigen (proteins contained in HIV virus) and also genetically engineered pro viral HIV DNA.

[0128] Treatment specimens were then also made up.

[0129] The samples treated were:

[0130] 1) Non infected cells including fresh peripheral white blood cells and human T-cells.

[0131] 2) Chronically HIV-1 infected cells.

[0132] For treatment of the different specimens selected samples were located in an analyser chamber and the equipment was energised as described above.

[0133] For the treatment of non-infected cells these were counted before exposure and treatment in the apparatus and then treated cells as well as a non-treated control set of cells were counted every other day for the following two weeks. The treated cells were exposed in the apparatus twice for 30 minutes with the rf noise generator providing pulses at 1 Hz and twice for 30 minutes with the generator providing pulses at 4 Hz. This was repeated during the following two days. Subsequently cells were counted over the next two weeks and the cell count revealed that there was no difference in the growth rate of either the exposed fresh white blood cell cultures or the T-cell line when compared with cultures which had not been treated.

[0134] For chronically HIV infected cells, these were exposed for one hour to emissions generated by a sample of p24 antigen only located in the sample analyser chamber, and subsequently for a total of two hours with only gp120 antigen located in the sample analyser chamber. Both treatments were conducted with the generator 45 providing pulses at 4 Hz. This treatment was repeated during the following four days and the cells were then counted. There was no difference in the growth rate of the exposed cells when compared with those which had not been treated.

[0135] Five days after the treatment, the cell suspensions of the treated and non treated chronically infected cells were spun separately at 1500 rpm for ten minutes. The supernatant was collected separately, followed by a serial ten-fold dilution and titration for virus yield in the non infected T-cells, which are highly susceptible to the HIV-1 strain used. Following titration, the cell culture was monitored for cytopathic effect (CPE) over the following ten days. It was then established that while the HIV-1 yield in the non exposed cell culture fluid was 10⁶ infectious particle per ml, in the fluid of the exposed cells there was only a yield of 10⁵ infectious particles per ml. Thus, treatment for chronically infected cells had led to ten-fold reduction in HIV-1 yield of the chronically infected cells.

[0136] In a further procedure, cells which were acutely infected with HIV-1 were also exposed twice for 30 minutes with each of p24 antigen and gp120 antigen in the sample analyser chamber, with the rf noise generator providing pulses at 4 Hz, followed by a further exposure each for 45 minutes again at 4 Hz. This exposure was repeated over a three day period both with HIV-1 infected non exposed T-cells as well as T-cells which were exposed before the acute infection. Thereafter the HIV-1 infected and-exposed cell culture as well as to control non exposed HIV-1 infected cell cultures were pipetted forcefully to disrupt the infected cells in order to maximise HIV-1 release into the fluid. This was followed by centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes and the supernatant from each cell culture was then separated. Virus titration with ten-fold dilution followed. The two non exposed HIV-1 infected cultures were found to contain 10⁶ HIV-1 infectious particles per ml, while in the fluid of the exposed culture there was only 10⁴ HIV-1 infectious particles per ml. Thus, there was a 100-fold reduction in the virus yield. One of the two cell cultures which were not treated in the above process was previously treated in the apparatus prior to infection. However, the culture treated prior to infection, and not treated after infection, had a similar infectious particle count as the infected cultures which had not been treated either before or is after infection. Thus, treatment prior to infection does not reduce the rate of HIV-1 production.

[0137] Alternative Embodiments

[0138] Other embodiments of the apparatus described above can be contemplated. FIGS. 15, 16 and 17 illustrate an embodiment of apparatus which can be used for the treatment of specimens externally of a screened container. In FIG. 15 a super-toroidal assembly 50 is located against a front wall 51 of a container. The container comprises rear and bottom walls 52 and 53 made of metal, and upper and front walls 54 and 51 made of dielectric material. The super-toroidal assembly 50 is located against the front wall 51 by means of a dielectric retaining plate 55. The assembly 50 is secured between the plate 55 and the wall 51 by dielectric foam material 56 and 57. A single wire helical antenna 58 is also mounted within the enclosure on the front wall 52. A feedthrough 59 enables radio frequency energy to be supplied to the helical antenna 58. Connections to the super-toroidal conductor assembly 50 are provided through side walls of the container which are not illustrated in FIG. 15. The side walls (parallel to the plane of the paper) are also made of dielectric material.

[0139]FIG. 16 illustrates the form of the super-toroidal conductor assembly 50 shown in FIG. 15. The assembly 50 comprises a second order super-toroidal winding which forms the toroidal former for a third order super-toroidal winding 61. The toroidal former 62 of the second order winding 60, and the helical former 63 of the third order winding 61 are themselves sufficiently flexible to allow the assembly 50 to be twisted into a figure of eight as illustrated in the drawing. This figure of eight arrangement is then mounted in the container illustrated in FIG. 15 against the front wall 51 as described above. Separate connections can be made to the inner second order and the outer third order toroidal windings of the assembly 50.

[0140] For treatment of an external body, for example, two treatment assemblies such as illustrated in FIG. 15 may be used, e.g. by placing one on opposite sides of the body to be treated, with the body located between respective front faces 51 of the treatment assemblies.

[0141]FIG. 17 illustrates the electrical connections for the elements in the treatment assemblies, with L1 and L2 representing the inner second order and outer third order toroidal windings of the toroidal assembly in one container, and L3 and L4 representing respectively the inner second order and outer third order windings of the other container. The helical antenna 58 in each treatment container is represented in FIG. 17 at 65 and 66 for the two containers respectively.

[0142] The outer third order winding L2 of one assembly and the inner second order winding L3 of the other assembly are connected together in parallel and supplied with the rf spectrum signal generated by an analyser assembly such as illustrated in FIG. 11. Thus, the Diagnostic Module 67 illustrated in FIG. 17 may be constituted by a sample analyser assembly as described with reference to FIG. 11 and as illustrated in the upper part of FIG. 14. The signal supplied by the Diagnostic Module 67 on line 68 in FIG. 17 corresponds to the signal supplied via feedthrough 38 to the spectrum analyser in FIG. 11, and the signal supplied along lines 49 to the treatment chamber 40 in FIG. 14.

[0143] The wide band rf noise generator 69, corresponding to generator 45 described with reference to FIG. 14, provides a pulsed wide band rf noise signal on lines 70 and 71 to each of the helical antennae 65 and 66. The rf noise signal on each of lines 70 and 71 may be pulsed at 1 Hz or 4 Hz as described above. Preferably, the pulses on line 71 are phased to occur during the spaces between pulses on line 70. The pulse signal itself is supplied from the generator 69 on line 72 directly to windings L2 and L3 in parallel.

[0144] The above apparatus has been found effective in the treatment of relatively larger bodies of material. As before, a sample of the component which is to be specifically treated in the body is prepared and placed in the sample analyser enclosure. The apparatus is then activated with the body to be treated located between the super-toroidal assemblies 50 of the two treatment units shown in FIG. 17.

[0145] In the above described embodiments, an rf spectrum is obtained from a sample analyser, by the use of an rf resonator comprising a high gain wide band rf amplifier feeding output and input windings in a resonator region. Instead, a wide band signal could be generated externally of the sample analyser chamber and fed to one or more super-toroidal winding within the chamber. A second sensing winding or windings would then be used to monitor the effect on the electromagnetic field produced by the first winding by a sample to be analysed. For example, the externally generated wide band rf signal might comprise a series of relatively closely spaced rf frequencies, and the detection arrangement could monitor changes in amplitude of these rf frequencies as a result of the presence within the electromagnetic field generated of a sample to be analysed.

[0146] In another arrangement, a single super-toroidal winding could be used, energised by an externally generated rf signal. The impedance of the super-toroidal winding could then be monitored and changes in that impedance detected resulting from the presence within the electromagnetic field generated by the winding of a sample to be analysed.

[0147] Although the super-toroidal winding could be supplied with a wide band rf signal comprising a range of frequencies simultaneously, instead the antenna could be energised at a single rf frequency which is swept over a desired band. Alternatively, a predetermined selection of rf frequencies could be generated one after the other and supplied to the super-toroidal winding.

[0148] A further method of energising the super-toroidal winding would be to apply a pulse to the winding and monitor modifications to the frequency content of the resulting electromagnetic field due to the presence in the field of a sample to be analysed. It will be understood that a short duration pulse (impulse) is in effect a wide band signal.

[0149] In the above described examples, super-toroidal windings are energised by direct connection of rf signals across the ends of the windings. Instead, any other method could be used for energising the windings, including multy-terminal connections, capacitive links, inductive links etc.

[0150] Although an example is described above of an application of the treatment process of the invention to the treatment of HIV-1 in vitro, the invention may also be applicable to in vivo treatment.

[0151] A large scale chamber has been constructed containing super-toroidal windings as discussed above, with the chamber being large enough to accommodate a human being. By energising the super-toroidal windings in the chamber with radio frequency signals having spectral content determined by a sample analyser, e.g. of the kind described above with reference to FIG. 11, it has proved possible to treat an entire human patient and substantially reduce, if not eliminate infection, specifically including HIV-1. 

1. A field generator comprising at least one super-toroidal conductor and means to energise the super-toroidal conductor to generate varying electric and magnetic fields.
 2. A generator as claimed in claim 1 wherein said conductor includes a length 1 and said means to energise is operative to generate an electromagnetic field varying with at least one frequency component at a frequency which is equal to or greater than 2c/1 where c is the speed of light in free space.
 3. A generator as claimed in claim 1 wherein said conductor comprises a super-toroidal conductor of odd order and a super-toroidal conductor of even order.
 4. A generator as claimed in claim 1 wherein said conductor comprises a super-toroidal conductor of a first predetermined order and a super-toroidal conductor of a second predetermined order higher than said first predetermined order, said super-toroidal conductor of said first predetermined order providing a toroidal former and said super-toroidal conductor of said second predetermined order being wound on said toroidal former.
 5. A generator as claimed in claim 2 wherein said means to energise is operative to energise said conductor to generate an electromagnetic field having a plurality of frequency components at frequencies greater than 2c/1.
 6. A generator as claimed in claim 5 wherein said frequency components include frequencies greater than 10c/1.
 7. A detector for electromagnetic fields comprises at least one super-toroidal conductor and means responsive to electrical current generated in said conductor by a varying electromagnetic field.
 8. A detector as claimed in claim 7 wherein said conductor comprises a super-toroidal conductor of odd order and a super-toroidal conductor of even order.
 9. A detector as claimed in claim 7 wherein said conductor comprises a super-toroidal conductor of a first predetermined order and a super-toroidal conductor of a second predetermined order higher than said first predetermined order, said super-toroidal conductor of said first predetermined order providing a toroidal former and said super-toroidal conductor of said second predetermined order being wound on said toroidal former.
 10. A sample analyser comprising a chamber, a sample holder within the chamber, at least a first super-toroidal conductor in the chamber which includes a length 1 of the conductor which is wound continuously in the same hand, means for energising said first super-toroidal conductor to generate, in the region of any sample on the sample holder, an electromagnetic field varying with at least one frequency component at a frequency which is equal to or greater than 2c/1 where c is the speed of light in free space, and means for determining a response of the generated field to the presence of a sample on the sample holder.
 11. A sample analyser as claimed in claim 10, wherein said means for determining includes at least a further super-toroidal conductor in the chamber and means responsive to electrical currents generated in said further conductor by said field generated by said first super-toroidal conductor.
 12. A sample analyser as claimed in claim 10, wherein said means for energising comprises at least a second super-toroidal conductor in the chamber, and a high gain broad band radio frequency amplifier having an input connected to receive signals corresponding to electrical currents generated in said second conductor by a varying electromagnetic field in said chamber and is having an output connected to energise the first conductor to form a closed radio frequency loop, said high gain amplifier having sufficient gain that the loop gain exceeds unity at frequencies within the band width of the amplifier.
 13. A sample analyser as claimed in claim 12 wherein said means for determining a response includes at least a third super-toroidal conductor in the chamber and means responsive to electrical currents generated in said further conductor by said field generated by said first super-toroidal conductor.
 14. A sample analyser as claimed in claim 13 wherein the chamber contains at least two super-toroidal conductor assemblies, each said assembly comprising an inner super-toroidal conductor of a first predetermined order providing a toroidal former, and an outer super-toroidal conductor of a second predetermined order wound on said toroidal former provided by said inner super-toroidal conductor, the inner conductor of one toroidal assembly and the outer conductor of the other toroidal assembly together forming said second toroidal conductors connected to the input of said high gain amplifier, and the outer conductor of said one toroidal assembly and the inner conductor of said other toroidal assembly together forming said third toroidal conductors.
 15. A sample analyser as claimed in claim 14 wherein said chamber contains a further said super-toroidal conductor assembly, the inner and outer conductors of said further assembly together forming said first toroidal conductors connected to the output of said high gain amplifier.
 16. A sample analyser as claimed in claim 15 wherein said sample holder holds the sample substantially on the axis of said further super-toroidal conductor assembly.
 17. A sample analyser as claimed in claim 14 wherein said two super-toroidal conductor assemblies are located coaxially on opposite sides of said sample holder.
 18. Treatment apparatus for treating a desired component of a specimen, comprising at least one treatment super-toroidal conductor having a length 1 of the conductor which is wound continuously in the same hand, means to energise the treatment super-toroidal conductor at at least one selected frequency which is equal to or greater than 2c/1 where c is the speed of light in free space, so as to generate a strongly spatial inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields at said frequency, and means to expose the specimen to said generated inhomogeneous field.
 19. Treatment apparatus as claimed in claim 18 and including a sample analyser comprising a chamber, at least a first super-toroidal conductor in the chamber which includes a length 1 of the conductor which is wound continuously in the same hand, means for energising said first super-toroidal conductor to generate, in the region of any sample on the sample holder, an electromagnetic field varying with at least one frequency component at a frequency which is equal to or greater than 2c/1 where c is the speed of light in free space, and means for determining a response of the generated field to the presence of a sample on the sample holder, wherein said means to energise said treatment super-toroidal conductor is arranged so that said at least one selected frequency is selected in accordance with said response determined by said determining means of the analyser to the presence on the analyser sample holder of a sample corresponding to the desired component of the specimen to be treated.
 20. Treatment apparatus as claimed in claim 19 wherein said determining means in said analyser includes at least a further super-toroidal conductor in the chamber and means responsive to electrical currents generated in said further conductor by said field generated by said first super-toroidal conductor.
 21. Treatment apparatus as claimed in claim 20, further comprising a treatment chamber of similar dimensions to said chamber of said analyser, and, in said treatment chamber, first and second super-toroidal conductor assemblies, each said assembly comprising an inner super-toroidal conductor of a first predetermined order providing a toroidal former, and an outer super-toroidal conductor of a second predetermined order wound on said toroidal former provided by said inner conductor, the inner conductor of one toroidal assembly and the outer conductor of the other toroidal assembly forming said treatment super-toroidal conductors and being connected to be energised by electrical currents derived from said currents generated in said further super-toroidal conductor in said analyser.
 22. Treatment apparatus as claimed in claim 21 and including a broad band radio frequency noise generator and/or a modulator providing pulses of said broad band noise at a selected pulse rate and having a selected pulse width, and means to energise said toroidal assemblies with said pulses from said modulator.
 23. A method of treatment of a living organism comprising the steps of generating a strongly spatial inhomogeneous oscillating electric and magnetic fields, and exposing the living organism to said electric and magnetic fields for treatment.
 24. A method as claimed in claim 23 wherein the electric and magnetic fields have a frequency content selected to be specific to the living organism to be treated.
 25. A method as claimed in claim 23 wherein the field is generated by energising a super-toroidal winding with a frequency which is high relative to 2c/1, where c is the speed of light in free space and 1 is the length of wire in the super-toroidal winding.
 26. Method for measuring the electromagnetic field generated by living organisms and nonliving bodies through the creation of an electromagnetic field whose frequency corresponds to (coincides with) the examined body's internal or external resonance frequency, characterised in that the electric and magnetic components of the field are created separately from one another with the help of two different systems, whereby the angle between the electric and magnetic vectors of the electromagnetic field is changed smoothly within a set range (in this particular case within the range of from zero to 360 degrees), whereby the waves reflected from the examined body are picked up with the help of a specially designed receiver system, the signal at the output of the receiver system being constantly recorded and the parameters characteristic of the examined body .(object) being fed into the data bank of the system radiating the electromagnetic field, as the reflected signal is picked up.
 27. A method according to claim 26, characterised in that a body whose content is unknown, but with at least one known component, is placed in the electromagnetic field of the radiating system; the parameters characteristic of the examined body and those corresponding to the electromagnetic field of the radiating system recorded as soon as the system picks up at least one reflected signal are compared to the already measured parameters of known materials to establish the body's material components.
 28. A method according to claim 26, characterised in that a body whose condition. (state) is unknown is placed in the electromagnetic field of the radiating system; the parameters characteristic of the examined material and those corresponding to the electromagnetic field of the radiating system are compared to the already measured parameters of known materials to determine the composition of the examined object (body).
 29. A method for producing an effect on (treatment of) living organisms and nonliving bodies, whereby an electromagnetic field is created, whose frequency coincides with the internal and external resonance frequencies of the body, which is characterised in that the said body is located at a distance of 30 or more kilometres from the system radiating the field, and in that the angle between the electric and magnetic components of the electromagnetic field is equal to the body's characteristic vectorial angle.
 30. A method according to any of the preceding claims 26-29, characterised in that the electric and magnetic vectorial components are generated with the help of electric and magnetic radiators, where the super-toroidal aerials of the first or higher, but invariably odd, order are electric radiators and the super-toroidal aerials of the second or higher, but invariably even, order are magnetic radiators.
 31. A method according to claim 30, characterised in that the electromagnetic field is created by two periodic signals being within the band of from one kilocycle to 1000 gigacycles per second and being modulated by a low frequency signal within the band of from 0.001 to 100 cycles per second.
 32. A method according to claim 31, characterised in that both periodic signals are sinusoidal.
 33. A method according to claim 31 and claim 32, characterised in that the angle between the electric and magnetic vectors of the field is set by changing the difference in the phase of the modulated signals fed into each aerial.
 34. A method according to claim 33, characterised in that the low frequency sinusoidal signal which modulates the high frequency signal creating the electromagnetic field is broken off after a certain part of the wave has passed and formed a definite phase angle.
 35. A method according to claim 34, characterised in that to produce a stimulating effect the low frequency sinusoidal signal should be dampened (eliminated) as soon as it forms a phase angle of 0.33*T.
 36. A method according to claim 34, characterised in that to produce an inhibiting effect the low frequency sinusoidal signal should be dampened (eliminated) as soon as it forms a phase angle of 0.25 *T.
 37. A method according to any of the preceding claims 26-36, characterised in that if the examined object is of microscopic magnitude and if its effective field angle is unknown, the angle between the electric and magnetic vectors of the electromagnetic field induced by the electromagnetic radiating system is changed in stages; in the course of the change the frequency of the signal generating the electromagnetic field is constantly identical to the examined object's internal frequency; every time it changes a series of measurements are made with the help of a low frequency signal which is dampened (eliminated) as soon as one phase angle is equal to 0.25 *T and the other phase angle is equal to 0.33 *T; the magnitude of the vectorial angle is considered to be characteristic of the examined object, if the reflected feedback signal is the greatest, when the parameters of the field of the said object coincide with those of the field created by the radiating generators.
 38. A method according to any of the preceding claims 29-36, characterised in that the examined object is located at a distance of 30 or more kilometres from the system radiating the field, imprints (copies) of the electromagnetic fields characteristic of the given object and its geographic location (ground) are placed between the turns creating (inducing) an auxiliary electromagnetic field parallel to the (Earth's) geomagnetic field, the auxiliary electromagnetic field parallel to the geomagnetic field being “superimposed” on the electromagnetic field of the examined object, where the angle between the electric and magnetic. vectors of the conditioning (operant) field should be equal to the characteristic vectorial angle of the examined object or the vectorial angle of the material acting on the object.
 39. A device for measuring the electromagnetic field radiated by living organisms and nonliving bodies, comprising a transmitter system, which creates an electromagnetic and which is controlled by a signal modulated by two periodic signals, and a receiver system which picks up waves reflected by the examined body, characterised in that two different radiating systems are used separately to create the electric and magnetic components of the field, where the transmitter system comprises transmitting aerials and control circuits connected thereto and where the receiver system comprises receiving aerials, an amplifier connected thereto, and a recording unit connected to the amplifier output; then a systems control unit is connected to the receiver system and the transmitter system, the transmitter system comprising at least eight aerials or a number thereof which is a multiple of four and the receiver system comprising at least four aerials or a number thereof which is a multiple of four, the number of aerials of the receiver system and that of the transmitter system forming a ratio of at least one to two.
 40. A device acting upon living organisms and nonliving bodies with the help of a magnetic field, comprising a transmitter system which creates an electromagnetic field and which is controlled by a signal modulated by two periodic signals, characterised in that it uses two different radiating systems separately producing the electric and magnetic components of the field, where the transmitter system comprises transmitting aerials and control circuits connected to the transmitter system, the transmitter system comprising at least two aerials or a number thereof which is invariably a multiple of two.
 41. A device according to claims 39 or 40, characterised in that the aerials used are super-toroids of the first or higher, but invariably odd, order, and the magnetic field radiators (aerials) are super-toroids of the second or higher, but invariably even, order.
 42. A device according to claim 41, characterised in that the aerials are arranged on the vertices of squares, the aerials arranged opposite one another being super-toroidal aerials radiating only an electric or only a magnetic field, whereas those arranged side by side being super-toroidal aerials differing from the former in that they radiate either an electric or a magnetic field.
 42. A device according to any of the preceding claims 29-42, characterised in that a high frequency signal generator is connected to each aerial of the transmitter system, where the high frequency signal generator output is connected to the input of the modulated signal modulator and the output of the low frequency signal generator is connected to the input of the modulated signal modulator, and the output of the modulator is connected through a pulse chopper to the appropriate transmitting aerial.
 43. A device according to claim 38, characterised in that twinned low and high frequency aerials connected to separate aerials are connected to a frequency synchroniser and phase adjustment means—an effective phase shifter—and also in that the generators and the input of the phase adjustment means—an effective phase shifter—is connected to the output of the central control unit, a control computer.
 45. A device according to any of the preceding claims 39-44, characterised in that to produce an effect on objects (bodies) located at a distance of 30 or more kilometres an accessory aerial comprising a super-toroid(L3) of the second order is placed close to the system radiating the operant field, a Helmholtz coil (L1), which is coupled to the adjustable secondary side of a mains-operated transformer, is connected in parallel to the turns of the super-toroidal aerial, another Helmholtz coil (L2) which is linked in parallel to a condenser (C), is coupled to the first Helmholtz coil (L1) by means of mutual inductance, the control circuit comprising two high and low frequency generators is connected to this oscillatory circuit which in turn is connected to the generator of the modulator.
 46. A device according to claim 45, characterised in that both Helmholtz coils (L1 and L2) are arranged close to one another on the same axis, the axis being parallel to the (Earth's) geomagnetic lines, in that imprints (copies) of the electromagnetic fields characteristic of the said object and its geographic location (ground) are placed between the coils inducing an auxiliary electromagnetic field parallel to the geomagnetic field.
 47. A device according to claim 46, characterised in that the imprints (copies) of the electric fields characteristic of the geographic location (ground) and the exposed object (body) are transferred in frozen form in glycerine, paraffin, tar or mixtures thereof.
 48. A device according to claim 47, characterised in that if paraffin is used there should 10 units of mass of paraffin to one unit of mass of metal powder (whose composition is given in units of mass): one unit of mass of silver, two units of mass of copper, three units of mass of iron, four units of mass of aluminium, and four-nine units of mass of tin. 